Manganese Overexposure Alters Neurogranin Expression and Causes Behavioral Deficits in Larval Zebrafish.

Manganese (Mn), a cofactor for various enzyme classes, is an essential trace metal for all organisms. However, overexposure to Mn causes neurotoxicity. Here, we evaluated the effects of exposure to Mn chloride (MnCl2) on viability, morphology, synapse function (based on neurogranin expression) and behavior of zebrafish larvae. MnCl2 exposure from 2.5 h post fertilization led to reduced survival (60%) at 5 days post fertilization. Phenotypical changes affected body length, eye and olfactory organ size, and visual background adaptation. This was accompanied by a decrease in both the fluorescence intensity of neurogranin immunostaining and expression levels of the neurogranin-encoding genes nrgna and nrgnb, suggesting the presence of synaptic alterations. Furthermore, overexposure to MnCl2 resulted in larvae exhibiting postural defects, reduction in motor activity and impaired preference for light environments. Following the removal of MnCl2 from the fish water, zebrafish larvae recovered their pigmentation pattern and normalized their locomotor behavior, indicating that some aspects of Mn neurotoxicity are reversible. In summary, our results demonstrate that Mn overexposure leads to pronounced morphological alterations, changes in neurogranin expression and behavioral impairments in zebrafish larvae.

Intracorporeal anastomosis could be associated with a higher lymph node yield in right colon cancer surgery: Results of the ICA-LATAM study, a retrospective, multicentre, comparative analysis in Latin America.

AIM: The aim of this work was to compare lymph node (LN) yield in patients operated on for right colon cancer (RCC) using a laparoscopic approach between those receiving an intracorporeal (ICA) or extracorporeal anastomosis (ECA). METHOD: This is a retrospective multicentre study involving patients operated on for RCC in nine tertiary referral centres in Latin America during a 2-year period. The main comparative outcome between groups was the number of LNs harvested between groups. RESULTS: The study included 416 patients, 261 (62.7%) in the ECA group and 155 (37.3%) in the ICA group. Patients in the ECA group were elderly (66 vs. 61 years, p < 0.001). Patients receiving an ICA achieved a significantly higher LN yield than those receiving an ECA (24 vs. 18, p < 0.001). This group also had a lower percentage of patients achieving a substandard LN yield (<12 LNs) (10% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.001) and more patients achieving a high number of harvested LNs (>32 LNs) (15.5% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.039). In the multivariate analysis, ICA was independently related to the primary outcome (LN yield) (OR 3.28, p = 0.027, 95% CI 1.14-9.38). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study, patients operated on for RCC who received an ICA achieved a higher LN yield. Further studies are needed to reconfirm these findings, and also to find an explanation for these results.

Fluorine-based Zn salan complexes.

We synthesised and characterised the racemic and chiral versions of two Zn salan fluorine-based complexes from commercially available materials. The complexes are susceptible to absorbing H2O from the atmosphere. In solution (DMSO-H2O) and at the millimolar level, experimental and theoretical studies identify that these complexes exist in a dimeric-monomeric equilibrium. We also investigated their ability to sense amines via19F NMR. In CDCl3 or d6-DMSO, strongly coordinating molecules (H2O or DMSO) are the limiting factor in using these easy-to-make complexes as chemosensory platforms since their exchange with analytes requires an extreme excess of the latter.

A Convenient, Rapid, Conventional Heating Route to MIDA Boronates.

A cheap, conventional, sealed heating reactor proved to be a useful alternative to a microwave reactor in the synthesis of a >20-member MIDA boronate library (MIDA = N-methyliminodiacetic acid). Reaction times were 10 min and work-ups were minimal, saving on energy and solvent usage.

Solvent-Free Synthesis of Core-Functionalised Naphthalene Diimides by Using a Vibratory Ball Mill: Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald-Hartwig Reactions.

Solvent-free synthesis by using a vibratory ball mill (VBM) offers the chance to access new chemical reactivity, whilst reducing solvent waste and minimising reaction times. Herein, we report the core functionalisation of N,N'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,6-dibromo-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid (Br2 -NDI) by using Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions. The products of these reactions are important building blocks in many areas of organic electronics including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs). The reactions proceed in as little as 1 h, use commercially available palladium sources (frequently Pd(OAc)2 ) and are tolerant to air and atmospheric moisture. Furthermore, the real-world potential of this green VBM protocol is demonstrated by the double Suzuki coupling of a monobromo(NDI) residue to a bis(thiophene) pinacol ester. The resulting dimeric NDI species has been demonstrated to behave as an electron acceptor in functioning OPVCs.

Loss of slc39a14 causes simultaneous manganese hypersensitivity and deficiency in zebrafish.

Manganese neurotoxicity is a hallmark of hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2, an inherited manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. To identify novel potential targets of manganese neurotoxicity, we performed transcriptome analysis of slc39a14-/- mutant zebrafish that were exposed to MnCl2. Differentially expressed genes mapped to the central nervous system and eye, and pathway analysis suggested that Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and activation of the unfolded protein response are key features of manganese neurotoxicity. Consistent with this interpretation, MnCl2 exposure led to decreased whole-animal Ca2+ levels, locomotor defects and changes in neuronal activity within the telencephalon and optic tectum. In accordance with reduced tectal activity, slc39a14-/- zebrafish showed changes in visual phototransduction gene expression, absence of visual background adaptation and a diminished optokinetic reflex. Finally, numerous differentially expressed genes in mutant larvae normalised upon MnCl2 treatment indicating that, in addition to neurotoxicity, manganese deficiency is present either subcellularly or in specific cells or tissues. Overall, we assembled a comprehensive set of genes that mediate manganese-systemic responses and found a highly correlated and modulated network associated with Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and cellular stress. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

Is the ammonia stripping pre-treatment suitable for the nitrogen removal via partial nitritation-anammox of OFMSW digestate?

Treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) can be performed by coupling the anaerobic digestion (AD) and partial nitritation-anammox (PN-AMX) processes for organic matter and nitrogen removal, respectively. Besides, an ammonia stripping (AS) step before the AD benefit the removal of organic matter. In the present study, the operation of two PN-AMX sequencing batch reactors with and without AS pre-treated OFMSW digestate (AS-SBR and nAS-SBR, respectively) was assessed. The specific anammox activity decreased by 90 % for increasing proportions of fed OFMSW in both cases, indicating no differences over the anammox activity whether the AS pre-treatment is implemented or not. For 100 % OFMSW proportion, the AS-SBR achieved better effluent quality than the nAS-SBR (127 ± 88 vs. 1050 ± 23 mg N/L) but with lower nitrogen removal rates (58 ± 8 vs. 687 ± 32 g N/(L·d)). Still, the latter required successive re-inoculations to obtain higher removal rates. Changes in the microbial communities were mainly correlated to sCOD/N ratios in the OFMSW, being Candidatus Brocadia the dominant anamnmox species. The results proved the AS to be a suitable pre-treatment, despite the higher sCOD/N ratios in the OFMSW digestate, achieving good synergy between the PN-AMX and heterotrophic denitrification processes.

Selective Reagent Ion Mass Spectrometric Investigations of the Nitroanilines.

This paper presents an investigation of proton and charge transfer reactions to 2-, 3- and 4-nitroanilines (C6H6N2O2) involving the reagent ions H3O+·(H2O)n (n = 0, 1 and 2) and O2+, respectively, as a function of reduced electric field (60-240 Td), using Selective Reagent Ion-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (SRI-ToF-MS). To aid in the interpretation of the H3O+·(H2O)n experimental data, the proton affinities and gas-phase basicities for the three nitroaniline isomers have been determined using density functional theory. These calculations show that proton transfer from both the H3O+ and H3O+·H2O reagent ions to the nitroanilines will be exoergic and hence efficient, with the reactions proceeding at the collisional rate. For proton transfer from H3O+ to the NO2 sites, the exoergicities are 171 kJ mol-1 (1.8 eV), 147 kJ mol-1 (1.5 eV) and 194 kJ mol-1 (2.0 eV) for 2-, 3- and 4-nitroanilines, respectively. Electron transfer from all three of the nitroanilines is also significantly exothermic by approximately 4 eV. Although a substantial transfer of energy occurs during the ion/molecule reactions, the processes are found to predominantly proceed via non-dissociative pathways over a large reduced electric field range. Only at relatively high reduced electric fields (> 180 Td) is dissociative proton and charge transfer observed. Differences in fragment product ions and their intensities provide a means to distinguish the isomers, with proton transfer distinguishing 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) from 3- and 4-NA, and charge transfer distinguishing 4-NA from 2- and 3-NA, thereby providing a means to enhance selectivity using SRI-ToF-MS.

Applications of Direct Injection Soft Chemical Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Pre-blast Smokeless Powder Organic Additives.

Analysis of smokeless powders is of interest from forensics and security perspectives. This article reports the detection of smokeless powder organic additives (in their pre-detonation condition), namely the stabiliser diphenylamine and its derivatives 2-nitrodiphenylamine and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, and the additives (used both as stabilisers and plasticisers) methyl centralite and ethyl centralite, by means of swab sampling followed by thermal desorption and direct injection soft chemical ionisation-mass spectrometry. Investigations on the product ions resulting from the reactions of the reagent ions H3O+ and O2+ with additives as a function of reduced electric field are reported. The method was comprehensively evaluated in terms of linearity, sensitivity and precision. For H3O+, the limits of detection (LoD) are in the range of 41-88 pg of additive, for which the accuracy varied between 1.5 and 3.2%, precision varied between 3.7 and 7.3% and linearity showed R2 ≥ 0.9991. For O2+, LoD are in the range of 72 to 1.4 ng, with an accuracy of between 2.8 and 4.9% and a precision between 4.5 and 8.6% and R2 ≥ 0.9914. The validated methodology was applied to the analysis of commercial pre-blast gun powders from different manufacturers. Graphical Abstract.

Gasto familiar del tratamiento con hemodiálisis en Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, para población abierta y afiliada a los servicios de salud / Familiar health expenditures of haemodialysis treatment in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, for open and health-affiliated populations

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar los gastos que realizan los pacientes que reciben hemodiálisis con diferentes esquemas de cobertura en salud, en la ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, en el contexto de una entidad altamente marginada como el estado de Chiapas, en México durante los meses de agosto-septiembre de 2017. Métodos: Estudio etnográfico, observacional, descriptivo a partir de una muestra no probabilística intencional de 21 casos abordados mediante entrevistas individuales. Los criterios de selección fueron la etiología de la enfermedad renal crónica, el sexo, el tiempo que tenía el paciente en hemodiálisis, el esquema de financiamiento del tratamiento, el lugar de residencia y la edad. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro modalidades de financiamiento del tratamiento. Considerando los gastos en medicamentos, transporte, viáticos, consultas médicas, estudios de laboratorio, dieta y hemodiálisis. El grupo que reporta menor gasto es el de pacientes institucionales que destinan en promedio $308.90 USD mensuales, seguido de los pacientes subrogados que destinaron en promedio $337.94 USD mensuales. Los pacientes semiprivados invierten $768.89 USD cada mes y el grupo con el mayor gasto es el de los pacientes privados que destinan en promedio $1,530.61 USD mensualmente. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de la ERC por medio de hemodiálisis tiene un costo mensual por paciente que va desde los $308.9 USD hasta los $1,530.61 USD, por lo tanto, las posibilidades de que un hogar asuma los costos del tratamiento están en función del esquema de seguridad social al que tienen acceso, del capital físico y financiero que posean y de las redes de apoyo que construyan.

Abstract: Objective: To identify the costs incurred by hemodialysis patients under different health coverage schemes in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, in the context of a highly marginalized entity such as the state of Chiapas, Mexico. During the months of August-September 2017. Methods:Ethnographic, observational, descriptive study based on an intentional non-probabilistic sample of 21 cases addressed through individual interviews. The selection criteria were Chronic kidney disease etiology, sex, time spent on hemodialysis, treatment financing scheme, place of residence, and age. Results: Four modalities of treatment financing were identified. Considering expenses for medication, transportation, travel expenses, medical consultations, laboratory studies, diet and hemodialysis. The group that reports the lower spending is institutional patients with an average of 308.94 USD per month, followed by surrogate patients who spend an average of $337.94 USD per month. Semi-private patients invest $768.89 USD each month and the group with the highest spending is private patients who spend an average of $1,530.61 USD monthly. Conclusions: The treatment of chronic kidney disease through hemodialysis has a monthly cost per patient that ranges from $308.9 USD to $1,530.61 USD, therefore, the chances that a household can assume the costs of treatment are based on the social security system they have access to, the physical and financial capital they have and the support networks they build.

Use of Rapid Reduced Electric Field Switching to Enhance Compound Specificity for Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry.

The high sensitivity of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) makes it a suitable analytical tool for detecting trace compounds. Its specificity is primarily determined by the accuracy of identifying the m/ z of the product ions specific to a particular compound. However, specificity can be enhanced by changing the product ions (concentrations and types) through modifying the reduced electric field. For current PTR-MS systems, this is not possible for trace compounds that would only be present in the reaction chamber of a PTR-MS for a short time (seconds). For such circumstances, it is necessary to change the reduce electric field swiftly if specificity enhancements are to be achieved. In this paper we demonstrate such a novel approach, which permits any compound that may only be present in the drift tube for seconds to be thoroughly investigated. Specifically, we have developed hardware and software which permits the reaction region's voltages to be rapidly switched at a frequency of 0.1-5 Hz. We show how this technique can be used to provide a higher confidence in the identification of compounds than is possible by keeping to one reduced electric field value through illustrating the detection of explosives. Although demonstrated for homeland security applications, this new technique has applications in other analytical areas and disciplines where rapid changes in a compound's concentration can occur, for example, in the Earth's atmosphere, plant emissions and in breath. Importantly, this adaptation provides a method for improved selectivity without expensive instrumental changes or the need for high mass resolution instruments.

Performance and microbial features of the partial nitritation-anammox process treating fish canning wastewater with variable salt concentrations.

The partial nitritation-anammox (PN-AMX) process applied to wastewaters with high NaCl concentration was studied until now using simulated media, without considering the effect of organic matter concentration and the shift in microbial populations. This research work presents results on the application of this process to the treatment of saline industrial wastewater. Obtained results indicated that the PN-AMX process has the capability to recover its initial activity after a sudden/acute salt inhibition event (up to 16 g NaCl/L). With a progressive salt concentration increase for 150 days, the PN-AMX process was able to remove the 80% of the nitrogen at 7-9 g NaCl/L. The microbiological data indicated that NaCl and ammonia concentrations and temperature are important factors shaping PN-AMX communities. Thus, the NOB abundance (Nitrospira) decreases with the increase of the salt concentration, while heterotrophic denitrifiers are able to outcompete anammox after a peak of organic matter in the feeding.

Effect of Free Ammonia, Free Nitrous Acid, and Alkalinity on the Partial Nitrification of Pretreated Pig Slurry, Using an Alternating Oxic/Anoxic SBR.

The effect of free ammonia (NH3 or FA), free nitrous acid (HNO2 or FNA), and total alkalinity (TA) on the performance of a partial nitrification (PN) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating anaerobically pretreated pig slurry was studied. The SBR was operated under alternating oxic/anoxic (O/A) conditions and was fed during anoxic phases. This strategy allowed using organic matter to partially remove nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) generated during oxic phases. The desired NH4+ to NO2- ratio of 1.3 g N/g N was obtained when an Ammonium Loading Rate (ALR) of 0.09 g NH4+-N/L·d was applied. The system was operated at a solid retention time (SRT) of 15-20 d and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels higher than 3 mg O2/L during the whole operational period. PN mainly occurred caused by the inhibitory effect of FNA on nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Once HNO2 concentration was negligible, NH4+ was fully oxidized to NO3- in spite of the presence of FA. The use of biomass acclimated to ammonium as inoculum avoided a possible effect of FA on NOB activity.

Ion Mobility Studies on the Negative Ion-Molecule Chemistry of Isoflurane and Enflurane.

In the present work we present an investigation of the negative ion-molecule chemistry of the anaesthetics isoflurane, ISOF, and enflurane, ENF, in an ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IMS/MS), in both air and nitrogen. Hexachloroethane (HCE) was introduced in both air and nitrogen to produce Cl- as a reactant ion. This study was undertaken owing to uncertainties in the chemical processes, which lead to the cluster ions reported in other work (Eiceman et al. Anal. Chem. 61, 1093-1099, 1). In particular for ISOF the product ion observed was ISOF.Cl-, and it was suggested that the Cl- was formed by dissociative electron attachment (DEA) although there was mention of a chlorine containing contaminant. We show in this study that ISOF and ENF do not produce Cl- in an IMS system either by capture of free electrons or reaction with O2-. This demonstrates that the Cl- containing ions, reported in the earlier study, must have been the result of a chlorine containing contaminant as suggested. The failure of ISOF and ENF to undergo DEA was initially surprising given the high calculated electron affinities, but further calculations showed that this was a result of the large positive vertical attachment energies (VAEs). This experimental work has been supported by electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP level, and is consistent with those obtained in a crossed electron-molecular beam two sector field mass spectrometer. An unusual observation is that the monomer complexes of ISOF and ENF with O2- are relatively unstable compared with the dimer complexes. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Enhancement of Compound Selectivity Using a Radio Frequency Ion-Funnel Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer: Improved Specificity for Explosive Compounds.

A key issue with any analytical system based on mass spectrometry with no initial separation of compounds is to have a high level of confidence in chemical assignment. This is particularly true for areas of security, such as airports, and recent terrorist attacks have highlighted the need for reliable analytical instrumentation. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry is a useful technology for these purposes because the chances of false positives are small owing to the use of a mass spectrometric analysis. However, the detection of an ion at a given m/z for an explosive does not guarantee that that explosive is present. There is still some ambiguity associated with any chemical assignment owing to the presence of isobaric compounds and, depending on mass resolution, ions with the same nominal m/z. In this article we describe how for the first time the use of a radio frequency ion-funnel (RFIF) in the reaction region (drift tube) of a proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) can be used to enhance specificity by manipulating the ion-molecule chemistry through collisional induced processes. Results for trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluenes, and nitrotoluenes are presented to demonstrate the advantages of this new RFIF-PTR-ToF-MS for analytical chemical purposes.

Integration of the Anammox process to the rejection water and main stream lines of WWTPs.

Nowadays the application of Anammox based processes in the wastewater treatment plants has given a step forward. The new goal consists of removing the nitrogen present in the main stream of the WWTPs to improve their energetic efficiencies. This new approach aims to remove not only the nitrogen but also to provide a better use of the energy contained in the organic matter. The organic matter will be removed either by an anaerobic psychrophilic membrane reactor or an aerobic stage operated at low solids retention time followed by an anaerobic digestion of the generated sludge. Then ammonia coming from these units will be removed in an Anammox based process in a single unit system. The second strategy provides the best results in terms of operational costs and would allow reductions of about 28%. Recent research works performed on Anammox based processes and operated at relatively low temperatures and/or low ammonia concentrations were carried out in single-stage systems using biofilms, granules or a mixture of flocculent nitrifying and granular Anammox biomasses. These systems allowed the appropriated retention of Anammox and ammonia oxidizing bacteria but also the proliferation of nitrite oxidizing bacteria which seems to be the main drawback to achieve the required effluent quality for disposal. Therefore, prior to the implementation of the Anammox based processes at full scale to the water line, a reliable strategy to avoid nitrite oxidation should be defined in order to maintain the process stability and to obtain the desired effluent quality. If not, the application of a post-denitrification step should be necessary.

Sensitivity and selectivity of switchable reagent ion soft chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of picric acid.

We have investigated the reactions of NO(+), H3O(+), O2(+), and Kr(+) with picric acid (2,4,6 trinitrophenol, C6H3N3O7, PiA) using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a switchable reagent ion source. NO(+) forms a simple adduct ion PiA·NO(+), while H3O(+) reacts with PiA via nondissociative proton transfer to form PiAH(+). In contrast, both O2(+) and Kr(+) react with PiA by nondissociative charge transfer to produce PiA(+). For Kr(+), we also observe dissociation of PiA, producing NO2(+) with a branching percentage of approximately 40%. For the reagent ions H3O(+) and O2(+) (and operating the drift tube with normal laboratory air), we find that the intensities of the PiAH(+) and PiA(+) ions both exhibit a peak at a given drift-tube voltage (which is humidity dependent). This unusual behavior implies a peak in the detection sensitivity of PiA as a function of the drift-tube voltage (and hence E/N). Aided by electronic-structure calculations and our previous studies of trinitrotoluene and trinitrobenzene, we provide a possible explanation for the observed peak in the detection sensitivity of PiA.

Cross effect of temperature, pH and free ammonia on autotrophic denitrification process with sulphide as electron donor.

Autotrophic denitrification is a suitable technology to simultaneously remove oxidised nitrogen compounds and reduced sulphur compounds yielding nitrogen gas, sulphur and sulphate as the main products. In this work, several batch tests were conducted to investigate the cross effect of temperature, pH and free ammonia on the autotrophic denitrification. Denitrification efficiencies above 95% were achieved at 35°C and pH 7.5-8.0 with maximum specific autotrophic denitrifying activities up to 188mgN2g(-1)VSSd(-1). Free ammonia did not show any effect on denitrification at concentrations up to 53mg NH3-NL(-1). Different sulphide concentrations were also tested with stoichiometric nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Sulphide inhibited denitrification at concentrations higher than 200mgS(2-)L(-1). A 50% inhibition was also found at nitrite concentrations above 48mg NO2(-)-NL(-1). The maximum specific activity decreased until a value of 25mgN2g(-1) VSSd(-1) at 232mg NO2(-)-NL(-1). The Haldane model was used to describe denitrification inhibition caused by nitrite. Kinetic parameters determined from the fitting of experimental data were rmax=176mgN2g(-1)VSSd(-1), Ks=10.7mg NO2(-)-NL(-1) and Ki=34.7mg NO2(-)-NL(-1). The obtained model allowed optimising an autotrophic denitrification process by avoiding situations of inhibition and thus obtaining higher denitrification efficiencies.

Percepciones alimentarias en personas indígenas adultas de dos comunidades mayas / Food perceptions among indigenous persons adult two Mayan communities

Fundamento: El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la percepción de mujeres y hombres casados de 18 años de edad en adelante sobre su alimentación actual con la base en la disponibilidad, seguridad y calidad de los alimentos y si consideran que ésta es mejor ahora que antes. Conocer la disponibilidad y preferencia de consumo de alimentos modernos en las localidades estudiadas, y analizar por qué este tipo de alimentos están incursionando en la dieta diaria de las personas y qué las lleva a consumirlos. Método: Se trata de un estudio de tipo transversal-cualitativo, en el que participaron 12 personas (entre mujeres y hombres) de las comunidades de Xanláh y Mucuyché de Yucatán, se les hizo entrevistas en profundidad a través del consentimiento informado; con el fin de conocer la percepción de la alimentación actual, sus cambios alimentarios y consideraciones de la alimentación de hoy en día. Para ello también se trabajó con adultos(as) mayores a través de la realización de grupos focales para conocer su percepción sobre la alimentación que se tienen actualmente. Para la presentación de los resultados se analizaron los comentarios vertidos por cada uno(a) de los(as) participantes. Resultados: Los alimentos son elegidos por el prestigio y el estatus que las personas les dan, sin considerar si son nutritivos y saludables; también consideran que el uso de agroquímicos no es bueno debido a que puede causar alguna enfermedad (AU)

Background: The objective was to study the perceptions of married women and men 18 years and older of their current feeding and whether they believed it is better than before. To ascertain the availability of and preference for modern food in the localities studied, and discuss why these foods are making inroads into the daily diet of people and what leads them to consumption. Methods: This is a cross-sectional qualitative study, involving 12 people (women and men) from the communities Mucuyche and Xanláh, Yucatán, Mexico; In-depth interviews were conducted after informed consent in order to ascertain the perception of current feeding, their dietary changes and considerations about today?s food and feeding practices. For this purpose, focus groups were conducted with older adults to understand their current perception of food and feeding. Every single comment from the participants was analyzed. Results: Foods are chosen by prestige and status conferred to individuals, regardless of whether they are nutritious and healthy. They also consider that the use of chemicals in agriculture is not good because they can cause illnesses (AU)

Nifedipina de liberación programada en micro-gránulos para el control de la enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo / Release nifedipine programmed micro-pellets for the control of hipertensive disease of pregnancy

Determinar la eficacia y efectividad de la utilización de la nifedipina de liberación programada en micro-gránulos en el tratamiento de la enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo. Se admitieron sesenta y dos pacientes consecutivas con enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo con edad gestacional mayor de 20 semanas, fueron asignados a recibir 30 o 60 mg de nifedipina de liberación programada en micro-gránulos en la mañana con el punto final de obtener un control eficaz de la presión arterial (presión arterial sistólica ≤ 120 y presión arterial diastólica ≤ 80 mmHg), cuantificada con esfigmomanómetro de mercurio. Casos con historia de insuficiencia cardíaca y que recibían tratamiento antihipertensivo durante el curso del actual embarazo fueron excluidos. Se cuantificó el tiempo requerido para obtener el control eficaz de la presión arterial y se identificaron los episodios de crisis hipertensiva con el tratamiento así como los efectos adversos en la madre o el feto. El promedio de edad de las pacientes fue de 28,2±7,8 años. Peso 75,1±13,2 kg, talla 162,3±7,0 cm. Ídice de masa corporal 28,5 ± 4,6 kg/m2. Las reducciones de las presiones arteriales fueron: decúbito. Presión arterial sistólica (de 140,0±8,1 a 119,0±8,8 mmHg. P < 0,0001), presió arterial diastóica (de 89,7±7,7 a 72,7±7,8 mmHg. P < 0,0001), frecuencia cardíca (de 82,2±10 a 81,3±10 Lat/min. P = 0,31). Sentadas. Presió arterial sistóica (de 140,3±6,8 a 117,9±8,9 mmHg. P < 0,0001), PAD (de 88,6±8,1 a 71,5±8,5 mmHg. P < 0,0001), frecuencia cardíca (de 84,2±9,0 a 82,3±9,4 Lat/min. P = 0,12). De pie. Presió arterial sistóica (de 141,7±6,76 a 118,3±8,5 mmHg. P < 0,0001), presió arterial diastóica (de 88,9±6,9 a 72,6±8,6 mmHg. P < 0,0001), frecuencia cardíca (de 84,8±9,2 a 83,6±9,6 lat/min. P =0,24). El control de las cifras de presió arterial se logróen un promedio de 6 semanas de tratamiento con nifedipina de liberació programada en micro-gránulos. No se produjo nuevos eventos de crisis hipertensiva ni efectos...

Determine the efficacy and effectiveness of the use of programmed liberate nifedipine on microgranules in the treatment of the hypertensive disease in pregnancy. Sixty two serial patients were admitted with hypertensive disease in pregnancy with age gestacional superior than 20 weeks, were they assigned to receive 30 or 60 mg of programmed liberate nifedipine on micro-granules in the morning with the final objective from obtaining an effective control of the blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≤ 120 and diastolic blood pressure ≤ 80 mmHg), quantified with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Cases with history of heart inadequacy and that they received antihypertensive treatment during the course of the current pregnancy they were excluded. The time required to obtain the effective control of the blood pressure was quantified and the episodes of hypertensive crisis were identified with the treatment as well as the adverse effects in the mother or the fetus. The age of the patients was of 28.2±7.8 years, weigh 75.1±13.2 kilos, height 162.3±7.0 cm, Index of corporal mass 28.5 ± 4.6 kg/m2. The reductions of the arterial pressures were: decubitus. Systolic blood pressure (of 140.0±8.1 at 119.0±8.8 mmHg. P <0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (of 89.7±7.7 at 72.7±7.8 mmHg. P <0.0001), heart rate (of 82.2±10 to 81.3±10 beats/min. P = 0.31). Seated Systolic blood pressure (of 140.3±6.8 at 117.9±8.9 mmHg. P <0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (of 88.6±8.1 at 71.5±8.5 mmHg. P <0.0001), heart rate (of 84.2±9,0 to 82.3±9.4 beats/min. P = 0.12). Of foot. Systolic blood pressure (of 141.7±6.76 at 118.3±8.5 mmHg. P <0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (of 88.9±6.9 at 72.6±8.6 mmHg. P <0.0001), heart rate (of 84.8±9.2 to 83.6±9.6 beats/min. P = 0.24). The blood pressure control was achievement in an average of 6 weeks of treatment with programmed liberate nifedipine on micro-granules. A new event of hypertensive crisis wasn`t happens, neither adverse effect didn`t see in the mother...